The diploid einkorn wheat Triticum monococcum L. subsp. monococcum (2n = 2x = 14, A^mA^m) was among the first crops domesticated in the Fertile Crescent starting from its wild progenitor Triticum monococcum L. subsp. boeoticum (Boiss.) Á. Löve et D. Löve (2n = 2x = 14, A^bA^b). 

Engrain sauvage (Triticum monococcum subsp. aegilopoides (Link) Thell.)

Engrain (Triticum monococcum (L.))

Engrain sauvage rouge (Triticum urartu Tumanian ex Gandilyan)

Domesticated einkorn T. monococcum contained more gliadin and thus more gluten than common wheat. This observation was consistent across different locations, leading to the assumption that the higher gluten and gliadin are a characteristic of einkorn wheat (Geisslitz et al. 2019. Comparative study on gluten protein composition of ancient (einkorn, emmer and spelt) and modern wheat species (durum and common wheat). Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 8(9):409).

It is noteworthy that T. boeoticum, the wild ancestor of T. monococcum, showed higher gliadin content compared to its domesticate. However, at the molecular level, T. urartu and T. monococcum lacked some of the toxic epitopes and thus the 33mer peptide. The immunodominant 33mer fragment originates from the D genome (Schaart et al. 2020). Therefore, diploid and tetraploid wheats might confer a less toxic immune response.